Friday 30 December 2022
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Business Continuity Management : Global Best Practice
Business Continuity Management : Global Best Practices
Author -Andrew Hiles
Publisher
Rothstein Associate Inc , USA.
Foreword by:
Dr. Adil S. Mufti, Vice Chairman, ICIL-Pakistan:
I find this new 4th edition of Business Continuity Management: Global Best Practices to be the most comprehensive book available, covering almost all aspects of BCM. It will be applied by students, will guide business continuity management (BCM) practitioners, and will be read by corporate and political leaders and policy-makers worldwide.
Despite my exposure to global and national business, my first real understanding of BCM came when I first met Andrew Hiles and read course materials for a series of very popular training courses he conducted in Pakistan. A relative working for IBM told me about Andrew's high standing among BCM practitioners and that many of them in many parts of the world look up to Andrew as their guru.
During my own travel to different countries, I find that, invariably, whenever I talk about BCM, people within corporate sectors in general and in the BCM practicing community in particular have either heard of Andrew or have read his publications. In both English-speaking as well as non- English-speaking countries, Andrew Hiles' training courses and publications are, and will always remain, in great demand.
In the end, I would like to say that Andrew Hiles has made great contribution to the BCM profession and through this 4th edition of Business Continuity Management: Global Best Practices he has made the jobs of all BCM practitioners easier and has given to the students studying BCM at university level very comprehensive reading material. This book will help corporate and political leadership to understand the need to prepare against unexpected man-made or natural hazards.
Andrew Hiles 4th Edition of Business Continuity Management : Global Best Practices published by ROTHSTEIN ASSOCIATE INC., USA is available on Amazon
Thursday 17 November 2022
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Capital Adequacy Ratio ( CAR )
Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)
Measures the ability of the bank to absorb losses
Written by CFI Team
Updated June 21, 2022
What is the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)?
The Capital Adequacy Ratio set standards for banks by looking at a bank's ability to pay liabilities, and respond to credit risks and operational risks. A bank that has a good CAR has enough capital to absorb potential losses. Thus, it has less risk of becoming insolvent and losing depositors' money. After the financial crisis in 2008, the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) began setting stricter CAR requirements to protect depositors.
Summary
- The Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) helps make sure banks have enough capital to protect depositors' money.
- The formula for CAR is: (Tier 1 Capital + Tier 2 Capital) / Risk-Weighted Assets
- Capital requirements set by the BIS have become more strict in recent years.
What is the Capital Adequacy Ratio Formula?
As shown below, the CAR formula is:
CAR = (Tier 1 Capital + Tier 2 Capital) / Risk-Weighted Assets
The Bank of International Settlements separates capital into Tier 1 and Tier 2 based on the function and quality of the capital. Tier 1 capital is the primary way to measure a bank's financial health. It includes shareholder's equity and retained earnings, which are disclosed on financial statements.
As it is the core capital held in reserves, Tier 1 capital is capable of absorbing losses without impacting business operations. On the other hand, Tier 2 capital includes revalued reserves, undisclosed reserves, and hybrid securities. Since this type of capital has lower quality, is less liquid, and is more difficult to measure, it is known as supplementary capital.
The bottom half of the equation is risk-weighted assets. Risk-weighted assets are the sum of a bank's assets, weighted by risk. Banks usually have different classes of assets, such as cash, debentures, and bonds, and each class of asset is associated with a different level of risk. Risk weighting is decided based on the likelihood of an asset to decrease in value.
Asset classes that are safe, such as government debt, have a risk weighting close to 0%. Other assets backed by little or no collateral, such as a debenture, have a higher risk weighting. This is because there is a higher likelihood the bank may not be able to collect the loan. Different risk weighting can also be applied to the same asset class. For example, if a bank has lent money to three different companies, the loans can have different risk weighting based on the ability of each company to pay back its loan.
Calculating the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) – Worked Example
Let us look at an example of Bank A. Below is the information of Bank A's Tier 1 and 2 Capital, and the risks associated with their assets.
Bank A has three types of assets: Debenture, Mortgage, and Loan to the Government. To calculate the risk-weighted assets, the first step is to multiply the amount of each asset by the corresponding risk weighting:
- Debenture: $9,000 * 90% = $8,100
- Mortgage: $45,000 * 75% = $33,750
- Loan to Government: $4,000 * 0% = $0
As the loan to the government carries no risk, it contributes $0 to the risk-weighted assets.
The second step is to add the risk-weighted assets to arrive at the total:
- Risk-Weighted Assets: $8,100 + $33,750 + $0 = $41,850
The calculation can be easily done on Excel using the SUMPRODUCT function.
To learn more about Excel functions, take a look at CFI's free Excel course.
The Capital Adequacy Ratio of Bank A is as follows :
Where:
- CAR : $4,000 / $41,850 = 10%
As Bank A has a CAR of 10%, it has enough capital to cushion potential losses and protect depositors' money.
What are the Requirements?
Under Basel III, all banks are required to have a Capital Adequacy Ratio of at least 8%. Since Tier 1 Capital is more important, banks are also required to have a minimum amount of this type of capital. Under Basel III, Tier 1 Capital divided by Risk-Weighted Assets needs to be at least 6%.
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Information as a commodity
Check out Information as a commodity
https://www.slideshare.net/NirmalSingh33/information-as-a-commodity?from_m_app=ios
